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Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor (helper molecule) for several essential enzymes. Without it, major cellular reactions slow down or malfunction — especially those involving DNA synthesis, methylation, and energy metabolism. ⸻ 🧬 1. DNA Synthesis & Cell Division • B12 is required for thymidine synthesis, a building block of DNA. • Works alongside folate (vitamin B9) — they are tightly linked. • When B12 is low, folate becomes “trapped” in an unusable form (the methyl trap), leading to impaired DNA