Modern manufacturing techniques frequently require clean environments designed, constructed, and maintained to facilitate the highest production yields possible while also meeting predictable ...

The LiQuilaz ® II optical liquid particle counter from Particle Measuring Systems is a volumetric monitor that has been specifically developed with a range of sizing sensitivities as low as 0.2 µm. It ...

The semiconductor manufacturing process involves many steps, including, but not limited to, film deposition, photolithography, etching, and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Contamination can ...

Understanding the Requirements for Particle Monitoring in Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms begins with a grasp of the current regulations. The current international standards for defining contamination ...

Researchers have mathematically derived the fundamental limit of heat current flowing into a quantum system comprising numerous quantum mechanical particles in relation to the particle count. Further, ...

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Thomas Gehrmann remembers the deluge of mathematical expressions that came cascading down his computer screen one day 20 years ago. He was trying to calculate the odds that three jets of elementary ...